Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys. These stones can vary in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. They can cause severe pain and discomfort when they pass through the urinary tract. Research in the field of kidney stones focuses on understanding the causes and risk factors for their formation, as well as developing effective treatment and prevention strategies. This includes studying the role of genetics, diet, hydration, and other factors in the development of kidney stones, as well as exploring new imaging techniques and minimally invasive surgical procedures for stone removal. Additionally, researchers are investigating potential medications and dietary supplements that may help prevent the formation of kidney stones.